{"id":903026,"date":"2026-09-17T08:50:45","date_gmt":"2026-09-17T06:50:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/?page_id=903026"},"modified":"2026-09-17T17:26:35","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T15:26:35","slug":"who-was-relevant-for-hegel","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/en\/who-was-relevant-for-hegel\/","title":{"rendered":"Who was relevant for Hegel?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"558\" src=\"https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1-1024x558.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4323\" srcset=\"https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1-1024x558.png 1024w, https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1-300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1-768x419.png 768w, https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1.png 1380w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\">1. Antiquity: foundation and dynamic<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Parmenides (being):<\/strong> For Hegel he marks the true beginning of philosophy. From him comes the idea of the identity of thinking and being. Hegel takes over \u201epure being\u201c as the absolute point of departure, but criticizes its rigidity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Heraclitus (becoming):<\/strong> The \u201emotor\u201c of dialectic. He supplies the insight that everything is in flux and that unity subsists only through the strife of opposites. Hegel integrates becoming as the truth of being.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plato (the Idea):<\/strong> He establishes objective idealism. Hegel takes over the primacy of the Idea, but brings it down out of the \u201ebeyond\u201c into concrete world history.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Aristotle (entelechy):<\/strong> Perhaps Hegel\u2019s most important source for the understanding of development. Everything carries its end (<em>telos<\/em>) within itself and unfolds organically from germ to fruit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\">2. Rationalism and Enlightenment: substance and order<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Baruch de Spinoza (substance):<\/strong> He supplies totality. For Hegel, Spinozism is the necessary presupposition. He takes over the idea that everything is One, but wants to grasp this \u201esubstance\u201c as a living, acting \u201esubject\u201c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (the monad):<\/strong> From him Hegel learns the organic unity of the whole, in which each part (the monad) mirrors the universe. Leibniz brings dynamism and individuality into rationalism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\">3. The bridge-builders: crisis and form<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (contradiction):<\/strong> He warned that consistent rationalism ends in nihilism, and demanded \u201eimmediate knowing\u201c. Hegel takes the warning against \u201edead knowledge\u201c seriously and tries to heal Jacobi\u2019s \u201efeeling\u201c through logical mediation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Karl Leonhard Reinhold (systematicity):<\/strong> He drove the urge towards a philosophical system to its extreme. From him Hegel takes over the demand that philosophy must have a seamless, scientific form.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jakob B\u00f6hme (the opposition within the divine):<\/strong> Hegel valued him as the \u201efirst German philosopher\u201c. From him Hegel took over the idea of an inner dialectic of the divine, in which spirit attains self-revelation and reconciliation only through negation and pain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\">4. German Idealism: subjectivity and deed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Immanuel Kant (the critique of reason):<\/strong> The trigger. Hegel takes over the \u201eCopernican turn\u201c (the subject determines the world) and makes Kant\u2019s \u201econtradictions of reason\u201c (antinomies) the core principle of his logic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Johann Gottlieb Fichte (the absolute I):<\/strong> He supplies the energy. All being is for Fichte an act of the I. Hegel takes over this activism, but widens it from the individual I to the \u201eworld spirit\u201c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (the philosophy of identity):<\/strong> He integrates nature into spirit. From him comes the vision of the unity of subject and object, nature and spirit, which Hegel finally works out systematically.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\">5. The political foundation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Jean-Jacques Rousseau (the general will):<\/strong> Without him no <em>philosophy of right<\/em>. With the <em>volont\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/em> Rousseau supplies the building block for Hegel\u2019s understanding of freedom: it is not arbitrary choice but acting in accord with the rational whole.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Antiquity: foundation and dynamic 2. Rationalism and Enlightenment: substance and order 3. The bridge-builders: crisis and form 4. German Idealism: subjectivity and deed 5. The political foundation<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-903026","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/903026","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=903026"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/903026\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":903268,"href":"https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/903026\/revisions\/903268"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/grundlinien.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=903026"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}