Author: wbauer

On the other hand, however, they are not something alien to the subject; rather, the spirit bears witness to them as to its own essence, in which it has its feeling of self and lives in them as in an element not distinguished from itself — a relation that is immediately still more identical than…

As these substantial determinations, they are, for the individual — who distinguishes itself from them as the subjective and, in itself, undetermined, or as particularly determined — thereby in a relation to them as to its substantial element: duties, binding for its will. The ethical doctrine of duties — that is, insofar as it is…

As a limitation, binding duty can appear only against the undetermined subjectivity or abstract freedom, and against the drives of the natural will, or of the moral will determining its undetermined good out of its own arbitrariness. But the individual has, in duty, rather its liberation — in part from the dependence in which it…

The ethical, insofar as it is reflected in the individual character determined by nature as such, is virtue, which, insofar as it shows nothing but the individual’s simple adequacy to the duties of the relations to which it belongs, is rectitude. What a human being must do, which duties he has to fulfil in order…

But in simple identity with the actuality of individuals, the ethical appears, as their universal manner of acting, as custom — the habituation of it as a second nature, which is put in the place of the first, merely natural will, and is the pervading soul, meaning, and actuality of its existence — the spirit…

The ethical substantiality has in this way attained its right, and this its validity, in that the self-will and the individual’s own conscience — which would be for itself and constitute an opposition to it — have vanished in it, since the ethical character knows the unmoved universal, but one disclosed in its determinations into…

The right of individuals to their subjective determination to freedom has its fulfilment in this: that they belong to ethical actuality; for the certainty of their freedom has its truth in such objectivity, and it is in the ethical that they actually possess their own essence, their inner universality (§ 147). To a father’s question…

The right of individuals to their particularity is likewise contained in ethical substantiality, for particularity is the outwardly appearing manner in which the ethical exists.

In this identity of the universal and the particular will, duty and right thus coincide in one; and, through the ethical, the human being has rights to the extent that he has duties, and duties to the extent that he has rights. In abstract right, I have the right and another has the duty against…

The ethical substance, containing self-consciousness that is for itself, united with its concept, is the actual spirit of a family and of a nation.

The concept of this Idea is only as spirit, as something knowing itself and actual, in that it is the objectification of itself, the movement through the form of its moments. It is therefore:A. the immediate or natural ethical spirit — the family.This substantiality passes over into the loss of its unity, into division, and…

First Section. The Family The family, as the immediate substantiality of spirit, has, as its determination, spirit’s own feeling of its unity, love, so that the disposition [involved] is to have the self-consciousness of one’s individuality within this unity, as of an essentiality that is in and for itself, in such a way as to…

The family completes itself in three aspects:a) in the shape of its immediate concept, as marriage;b) in external existence — the family’s property and estate, and the care for these;c) in the upbringing of children and the dissolution of the family.

A. Marriage Marriage, as the immediate ethical relationship, contains, first, the moment of natural vitality — and indeed, as a substantial relationship, this vitality in its totality, namely as the actuality of the genus and its process. (See Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences, § 167 ff. and § 288 ff.) But, in self-consciousness, the unity…

The natural determinacy of the two sexes acquires, through their rationality, an intellectual and ethical significance. This significance is determined by the distinction into which ethical substantiality, as concept, divides itself within itself, in order to gain from it its vitality as a concrete unity.