Tag: Actualization

Since the sacrifice for the individuality of the state is the substantial relation of all, and thus a universal duty, it at the same time becomes, as the one side of ideality opposed to the reality of particular existence, itself a particular relation, to which a distinct estate, the estate of courage, is devoted.

Disputes between states can have as their object any particular aspect of their relationship; for such disputes, too, the particular part devoted to the defense of the state has its principal function. But insofar as the state as such, its independence, is placed in danger, duty calls upon all its citizens to its defense. When…

The state has its outward direction in that it is an individual subject. Its relation to others therefore falls to the power of the crown, to which it accordingly belongs immediately and exclusively to command the armed forces, to maintain relations with other states through envoys and the like, and to conclude war and peace…

The substantial welfare of the state is its welfare as a particular state in its determinate interest and condition, together with its equally distinctive external circumstances and its particular treaty relations: government is thus a particular wisdom, not universal providence (cf. § 324 Remark) — just as, in its relation to other states, the purpose…

In the fact that states mutually recognize one another as such, there remains, even in war — that condition of rightlessness, violence, and contingency — a bond whereby they count for one another as beings in and for themselves, so that even in war itself, war is determined as something that ought to pass away.…

For the rest, the mutual conduct of states in war (e.g. the taking of prisoners), and what a state in peacetime grants to the members of another state by way of rights for private intercourse, and so forth, rests chiefly on the customs of nations, as the inner universality of conduct that maintains itself under…

To emerge in legal determinations and in objective institutions, proceeding from marriage and agriculture (see § 203 Anm.), is the absolute right of the Idea — whether the form of this its actualization appears as divine legislation and beneficence, or as violence and wrong; this right is the right of heroes to found states.

It is from this same determination that civilized nations regard and treat other nations which lag behind them in the substantial moments of the state — pastoral peoples regarding hunting peoples, agricultural peoples regarding both of these, and so on — as barbarians, with the consciousness of an unequal right, and regard their independence as…

1. The Oriental Realm This first realm is the substantial world-view, proceeding from the patriarchal natural whole and undivided within itself, in which secular government is theocracy, the ruler is also high priest or god, and constitution and legislation are at the same time religion, just as religious and moral commandments — or rather customs…

2. The Greek Realm This realm has that substantial unity of the finite and the infinite, but only as a mysterious foundation, thrust back into dull remembrance, into caves, and into images of tradition — a foundation which, born forth out of a self-differentiating spirit into individual spirituality and into the daylight of knowing, is…

3. The Roman Realm In this realm, the differentiation is consummated into an infinite laceration of ethical life, into the extremes of personal private self-consciousness, on the one hand, and abstract universality, on the other. The opposition, proceeding from the substantial outlook of an aristocracy set against the principle of free personality in democratic form,…

The inwardness of the principle — as the reconciliation and resolution of all opposition, still abstract and existing only in feeling, as faith, love, and hope — unfolds its content, raising it to actuality and to self-conscious rationality, into a temporal realm proceeding from the heart, from fidelity and the fellowship of free men; a…