Category: Paragraph

But, just as much as arbitrary will, contingent, physical circumstances, and circumstances lying in external relations (§ 200), can bring individuals down into poverty — a condition that leaves them the needs of civil society, and which, since it has, at the same time, deprived them of the natural means of acquisition (§ 217), and…

The subjective [aspect] of poverty, and of want of every kind in general — to which every individual is already exposed, even within his natural sphere — also requires a subjective help, in respect both of the particular circumstances and of disposition and love. This is the place where, amid all universal arrangements, morality finds…

When civil society finds itself in unhindered activity, it is, within itself, engaged in progressive population growth and industry. — Through the generalization of the interconnection of human beings through their needs, and of the ways of preparing and procuring the means for these, the accumulation of wealth increases — for it is from this…

The sinking of a great mass [of people] below the level of a certain mode of subsistence, one that regulates itself automatically as necessary for a member of society — and with it, the loss of the feeling of right, of rectitude, and of the honour of subsisting by one’s own activity and labour —…

If the direct burden were placed on the wealthier class, or if the direct means were present in other public property (rich hospitals, endowments, monasteries) to maintain the mass moving toward poverty at its accustomed standard of living, then the subsistence of the needy would be secured without being mediated by labour — which would…

Through this dialectic of its own, civil society is driven beyond itself — at first, this determinate society — to seek, outside itself, among other peoples who are behind it in the means of which it has a surplus, or, in general, in industrial skill, consumers, and thereby the necessary means of subsistence.

Just as, for the principle of family life, the earth, firm ground and soil, is the condition, so, for industry, the natural element that animates it outwardly is the sea. Amid the pursuit of acquisition, precisely by exposing it to danger, industry raises itself, at the same time, above that pursuit, and displaces the fixation…

This extended connection also offers the means of colonization — sporadic or systematic — to which developed civil society is driven, and through which it procures, in part, for a portion of its population, in a new soil, a return to the family principle, and, in part, for itself, a new demand and field for…

The agricultural estate has, in the substantiality of its family and natural life, immediately within itself, its concrete universal, in which it lives; the universal estate has, in its determination, the universal for itself, as the purpose of its activity and as its ground. The mean between the two, the estate of trade, is essentially…

The system of labour in civil society falls, according to the nature of its particularity, into different branches. Since what is thus, in itself, alike within particularity comes into existence, as something held in common, within the association, the self-seeking purpose, directed toward its own particular [interest], at the same time grasps and actualizes itself…

According to this determination, the corporation has, under the supervision of the public power, the right to attend to its own interests enclosed within it, to admit members according to the objective qualification of their skill and rectitude, in a number determined by the general context, and to bear, for those belonging to it, care…

In the corporation, the family has not only its firm ground, as the securing of its subsistence conditioned by qualification, a firm resource (§ 170), but both are also recognized, so that the member of a corporation has no need to demonstrate, through any further external declarations, his competence and his orderly livelihood and progress…

The corporation involves a restriction of the so-called natural right to exercise one’s skill, and thereby to acquire what there is to acquire, only inasmuch as this right is, within the corporation, determined toward rationality — that is, liberated from one’s own opinion and contingency, from danger to oneself as well as to others, and…